Brain Health & Neurology

After strenuous cycling, brain scans found a lower frontal-cortex creatine reading and a brief rise in the combined glutamate-and-glutamine signal. Thinking was not tested.

In mice with tau pathology, glucose tracing found more label in glutamate and less in GABA. Cortical responses were stronger, and mice slept less; causality is unclear.

A review reports less agitation in a placebo-controlled trial; sleep, appetite and anxiety studies use different treatments, and long-term cognitive safety is unclear.

In 27 teenagers with concussion, brain creatine levels differed by sex and correlated with symptom severity. The study could not track recovery over time.

A 2026 review explains how microglia can help or hinder new neurons and surveys ways to track neurogenesis or alter local immune signals. Human benefits remain unproven.

A 2025 review examines whether venous pressure could hinder brain fluid clearance. Reports of cognitive improvement after stenting come from other patient groups.

A 2025 review links immune aging to Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s through human observations and animal studies, while treatment evidence remains preliminary.

In mice, melatonin changed memory-task performance and brain pathology; in aged cells, it changed senescence markers. Patient benefit remains unproven.

A 2025 review links lasting stress in nerve and immune cells to persistent pain signals and altered spinal processing. The proposed mechanisms are not established treatments.

A 2025 review links small-vessel injury to blood–brain barrier leakage and white matter damage. Proposed targeted treatments still need clinical proof.